1. Right Answer: B
Explanation: Software tools can provide object reuse assurance. These tools overwrite every sector of magnetic media with a random or predetermined bit pattern. Overwrite methods are effective for all forms of electronic media with the exception of read-only optical media.For your exam you should know the information below:When media is to be reassigned (a form of object reuse), it is important that all residual data is carefully removed. Simply deleting files or formatting media does not actually remove the information. File deletion and media formatting often simply remove the pointers to the information. Providing assurance for object reuse requires specialized tools and techniques according to the type of media on which the data resides. Specialized hardware devices known as degausses can be used to erase data saved to magnetic media. The measure of the amount of energy needed to reduce the magnetic field on the media to zero is known as coercivity. It is important to make sure that the coercivity of the degasser is of sufficient strength to meet object reuse requirements when erasing data. If a degasser is used with insufficient coercivity, then a remanence of the data will exist. Remanence is the measure of the existing magnetic field on the media; it is the residue that remains after an object is degaussed or written over. Data is still recoverable even when the remanence is small. While data remanence exists, there is no assurance of safe object reuse. Some degausses can destroy drives. The security professional should exercise caution when recommending or using degausses on media for reuse.Software tools also exist that can provide object reuse assurance. These tools overwrite every sector of magnetic media with a random or predetermined bit pattern. Overwrite methods are effective for all forms of electronic media with the exception of read-only optical media. There exists a drawback to using overwrite software. During normal write operations with magnetic media, the head of the drive moves back-and-forth across the media as data is written. The track of the head does not usually follow the exact path each time. The result is a miniscule amount of data remanence with each pass. With specialized equipment, it is possible to read data that has been overwritten. To provide higher assurance in this case, it is necessary to overwrite each sector multiple times. Security practitioners should keep in mind that a one-time pass may be acceptable for noncritical information, but sensitive data should be overwritten with multiple passes.Overwrite software can also be used to clear the sectors within solid-state media such as USB thumb drives. It is suggested that physical destruction methods such as incineration or secure recycling should be considered for solid-state media that is no longer used.The last form of preventing unauthorized access to sensitive data is media destruction. Shredding, burning, grinding, and pulverizing are common methods of physically destroying media. Degaussing can also be a form of media destruction. High-power degausses are so strong in some cases that they can literally bend and warp the platters in a hard drive. Shredding and burning are effective destruction methods for non-rigid magnetic media. Indeed, some shredders are capable of shredding some rigid media such as an optical disk. This may be an effective alternative for any optical media containing nonsensitive information due to the residue size remaining after feeding the disk into the machine. However, the residue size might be too large for media containing sensitive information.Alternatively, grinding and pulverizing are acceptable choices for rigid and solid-state media. Specialized devices are available for grinding the face of optical media that either sufficiently scratches the surface to render the media unreadable or actually grinds off the data layer of the disk. Several services also exist which will collect drives, destroy them on site if requested and provide certification of completion. It will be the responsibility of the security professional to help, select, and maintain the most appropriate solutions for media cleansing and disposal.The following answers are incorrect:Degaussing -Erasing data by applying magnetic field around magnetic media. Degausses device is used to erase the data. Sometime degausses can make magnetic media unusable. So degaussing is not recommended way if magnetic media needs to be reused.Format magnetic media '' Formatting magnetic media does not erase all data. Data can be recoverable after formatting using software tools.Delete File allocation table-It will not erase all data. Data can be recoverable using software tools.Following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:CISA review manual 2014 Page number 338

2. Right Answer: B
Explanation: The keyword PRIMARY is used in the question. Accountability should be the primary concern if critical servers can be accessed only by using shared user id and password. It would be very difficult to track the changes done by employee on critical server.For your exam you should know the information below:Accountability -Ultimately one of the drivers behind strong identification, authentication, auditing and session management is accountability. Accountability is fundamentally about being able to determine who or what is responsible for an action and can be held responsible. A closely related information assurance topic is non-repudiation.Repudiation is the ability to deny an action, event, impact or result. Non-repudiation is the process of ensuring a user may not deny an action. Accountability relies heavily on non-repudiation to ensure users, processes and actions may be held responsible for impacts.The following contribute to ensuring accountability of actions:Strong identification -Strong authentication -User training and awareness -Comprehensive, timely and thorough monitoringAccurate and consistent audit logsIndependent audits -Policies enforcing accountabilityOrganizational behavior supporting accountabilityThe following answers are incorrect:The other options are also valid concern. But the primary concern should be accountability.Following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:CISA review manual 2014 Page number 328 and 329Official ISC2 guide to CISSP CBK 3rd Edition Page number 114

3. Right Answer: A
Explanation: The Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Protocol is primarily used to provide confidentiality to the information sent across clients and servers.For your exam you should know the information below:The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a commonly-used protocol for managing the security of a message transmitted over a public network such as the Internet.SSL has recently been succeeded by Transport Layer Security (TLS), which is based on SSL.SSL uses a program layer located between the Internet's HypertextTransfer Protocol (HTTP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP) layers.SSL is included as part of both the Microsoft and Netscape browsers and most Web server products.Developed by Netscape, SSL also gained the support of Microsoft and other Internet client/server developers as well and became the de facto standard until evolving into Transport Layer Security. The 'sockets' part of the term refers to the sockets method of passing data back and forth between a client and a server program in a network or between program layers in the same computer.SSL uses the public-and-private key encryption system from RSA, which also includes the use of a digital certificate. Later on SSL uses a Session Key along a Symmetric Cipher for the bulk of the data.TLS and SSL are an integral part of most Web browsers (clients) and Web servers. If a Web site is on a server that supports SSL, SSL can be enabled and specific Web pages can be identified as requiring SSL access. Any Web server can be enabled by using Netscape's SSLRef program library which can be downloaded for noncommercial use or licensed for commercial use.TLS and SSL are not interoperable. However, a message sent with TLS can be handled by a client that handles SSL but not TLS.The SSL handshake -A HTTP-based SSL connection is always initiated by the client using a URL starting with https:// instead of with http://. At the beginning of an SSL session, an SSL handshake is performed. This handshake produces the cryptographic parameters of the session. A simplified overview of how the SSL handshake is processed is shown in the diagram below.SSL Handshake -The client sends a client 'hello' message that lists the cryptographic capabilities of the client (sorted in client preference order), such as the version of SSL, the cipher suites supported by the client, and the data compression methods supported by the client. The message also contains a 28-byte random number.The server responds with a server 'hello' message that contains the cryptographic method (cipher suite) and the data compression method selected by the server, the session ID, and another random number.Note:The client and the server must support at least one common cipher suite, or else the handshake fails. The server generally chooses the strongest common cipher suite.The server sends its digital certificate. (In this example, the server uses X.509 V3 digital certificates with SSL.)If the server uses SSL V3, and if the server application (for example, the Web server) requires a digital certificate for client authentication, the server sends a'digital certificate request' message. In the 'digital certificate request' message, the server sends a list of the types of digital certificates supported and the distinguished names of acceptable certificate authorities.The server sends a server 'hello done' message and waits for a client response. Upon receipt of the server 'hello done' message, the client (the Web browser) verifies the validity of the server's digital certificate and checks that the server's 'hello' parameters are acceptable.If the server requested a client digital certificate, the client sends a digital certificate, or if no suitable digital certificate is available, the client sends a 'no digital certificate' alert. This alert is only a warning, but the server application can fail the session if client authentication is mandatory.The client sends a 'client key exchange' message. This message contains the pre-master secret, a 46-byte random number used in the generation of the symmetric encryption keys and the message authentication code (MAC) keys, encrypted with the public key of the server.If the client sent a digital certificate to the server, the client sends a 'digital certificate verify' message signed with the client's private key. By verifying the signature of this message, the server can explicitly verify the ownership of the client digital certificate.Note:An additional process to verify the server digital certificate is not necessary. If the server does not have the private key that belongs to the digital certificate, it cannot decrypt the pre-master secret and create the correct keys for the symmetric encryption algorithm, and the handshake fails.The client uses a series of cryptographic operations to convert the pre-master secret into a master secret, from which all key material required for encryption and message authentication is derived. Then the client sends a 'change cipher spec' message to make the server switch to the newly negotiated cipher suite. The next message sent by the client (the 'finished' message) is the first message encrypted with this cipher method and keys.The server responds with a 'change cipher spec' and a 'finished' message of its own.The SSL handshake ends, and encrypted application data can be sent.The following answers are incorrect:FTP - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard Internet protocol for transmitting files between computers on the Internet. Like the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP), which transfers displayable Web pages and related files, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), which transfers e-mail, FTP is an application protocol that uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols. FTP is commonly used to transfer Web page files from their creator to the computer that acts as their server for everyone on the Internet. It's also commonly used to download programs and other files to your computer from other servers.SSH - Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol for secure data communication, remote command-line login, remote command execution, and other secure network services between two networked computers. It connects, via a secure channel over an insecure network, a server and a client running SSH server and SSH client programs, respectively.S/MIME - S/MIME (Secure Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a secure method of sending e-mail that uses the Rivets-Shamir-Adelman encryption system.S/MIME is included in the latest versions of the Web browsers from Microsoft and Netscape and has also been endorsed by other vendors that make messaging products. RSA has proposed S/MIME as a standard to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).Following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:CISA review manual 2014 Page number 352Official ISC2 guide to CISSP CBK 3rd Edition Page number 256http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/tividd/td/ITAME/SC32-1363-00/en_US/HTML/ss7aumst18.htm

4. Right Answer: A
Explanation: PERMANENTLY is the keyword used in the question. You need to find out data removal method which remove data permanently from magnetic media.Degaussing is the most effective method out of all provided choices to erase sensitive data on magnetic media provided magnetic media is not requiring to be reuse. Some degausses can destroy drives. The security professional should exercise caution when recommending or using degausses on media for reuse.A device that performs degaussing generates a coercive magnetic force that reduces the magnetic flux density of the storage media to zero. This magnetic force is what properly erases data from media. Data are stored on magnetic media by the representation of the polarization of the atoms. Degaussing changes this polarization (magnetic alignment) by using a type of large magnet to bring it back to its original flux (magnetic alignment).For your exam you should know the information below:When media is to be reassigned (a form of object reuse), it is important that all residual data is carefully removed.Simply deleting files or formatting the media does not actually remove the information. File deletion and media formatting often simply remove the pointers to the information. Providing assurance for object reuse requires specialized tools and techniques according to the type of media on which the data resides.Specialized hardware devices known as degausses can be used to erase data saved to magnetic media. The measure of the amount of energy needed to reduce the magnetic field on the media to zero is known as coercivity. It is important to make sure that the coercivity of the degasser is of sufficient strength to meet object reuse requirements when erasing data. If a degasser is used with insufficient coercivity, then a remanence of the data will exist.Remanence is the measure of the existing magnetic field on the media; it is the residue that remains after an object is degaussed or written over. Data is still recoverable even when the remanence is small. While data remanence exists, there is no assurance of safe object reuse. Some degausses can destroy drives.The security professional should exercise caution when recommending or using degausses on media for reuse.Software tools also exist that can provide object reuse assurance. These tools overwrite every sector of magnetic media with a random or predetermined bit pattern. Overwrite methods are effective for all forms of electronic media with the exception of read-only optical media. There is a drawback to using overwrite software. During normal write operations with magnetic media, the head of the drive moves back-and-forth across the media as data is written. The track of the head does not usually follow the exact path each time. The result is a miniscule amount of data remanence with each pass. With specialized equipment, it is possible to read data that has been overwritten.To provide higher assurance in this case, it is necessary to overwrite each sector multiple times. Security practitioners should keep in mind that a one-time pass may be acceptable for noncritical information, but sensitive data should be overwritten with multiple passes. Overwrite software can also be used to clear the sectors within solid-state media such as USB thumb drives. It is suggested that physical destruction methods such as incineration or secure recycling should be considered for solid-state media that is no longer used.The last form of preventing unauthorized access to sensitive data is media destruction. Shredding, burning, grinding, and pulverizing are common methods of physically destroying media. Degaussing can also be a form of media destruction. High-power degausses are so strong in some cases that they can literally bend and warp the platters in a hard drive.Shredding and burning are effective destruction methods for non-rigid magnetic media. Indeed, some shredders are capable of shredding some rigid media such as an optical disk. This may be an effective alternative for any optical media containing nonsensitive information due to the residue size remaining after feeding the disk into the machine.However, the residue size might be too large for media containing sensitive information. Alternatively, grinding and pulverizing are acceptable choices for rigid and solid-state media. Specialized devices are available for grinding the face of optical media that either sufficiently scratches the surface to render the media unreadable or actually grinds off the data layer of the disk. Several services also exist which will collect drives, destroy them on site if requested and provide certification of completion. It will be the responsibility of the security professional to help, select, and maintain the most appropriate solutions for media cleansing and disposal.The following answers are incorrect:Overwrite every sector of magnetic media with pattern of 1's and 0's-Less effective than degaussing provided magnetic media is not requiring to be reuse.Format magnetic media '' Formatting magnetic media does not erase all data. Data can be recoverable after formatting using software tools.Delete File allocation table-It will not erase all data. Data can be recoverable using software tools.The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:CISA review manual 2014 Page number 338Official ISC2 guide to CISSP CBK 3rd Edition Page number 720.

5. Right Answer: D
Explanation: 4GLs are usually not suitable for data intensive operations. Instead, they are used mainly for graphic user interface (GUI) design or as simple query/report generators.