1. Right Answer: B
Explanation: Security Association (SA)s defines which security parameters should be applied between communication parties as encryption algorithms, key initialization vector, life span of keys, etc.For your exam you should know the information below about the IPSec protocol:The IP network layer packet security protocol establishes VPNs via transport and tunnel mode encryption methods.For the transport method, the data portion of each packet is encrypted, encryption within IPSEC is referred to as the encapsulation security payload (ESP), it isESP that provides confidentiality over the process.In the tunnel mode, the ESP payload and its header's are encrypted. To achieve non-repudiation, an additional authentication header (AH) is applied.In establishing IPSec sessions in either mode, Security Associations (SAs) are established. SAs defines which security parameters should be applied between communicating parties as encryption algorithms, key initialization vector, life span of keys, etc. Within either ESP or AH header, respectively. An SAs is established when a 32-bit security parameter index (SPI) field is defined within the sending host. The SPI is unique identifier that enables the sending host to reference the security parameter to apply, as specified, on the receiving host.IPSec can be made more secure by using asymmetric encryption through the use of Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol/Oakley(ISAKMP/Oakley), which allows automated key management, use of public keys, negotiation, establishment, modification and deletion of SAs and attributes. For authentication, the sender uses digital certificates. The connection is made secure by supporting the generation, authentication, distribution of the SAs and the cryptographic keys.The following were incorrect answers:Security Parameter Index (SPI) '' A Security Parameter Index (SPI) is an unique identifier that enables the sending host to reference the security parameters to apply.Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) '' Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) is used support authentication of sender and encryption of data.Authentication Header(AH) '' Authentication Header allows authentication of a sender of a data.The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:CISA review manual 2014 Page number 353

2. Right Answer: B
Explanation: For CISA exam you should know below information about SSH and IPSec protocolSSH -A client server program that opens a secure, encrypted command-line shell session from the Internet for remote logon. Similar to a VPN, SSH uses strong cryptography to protect data, including password, binary files and administrative commands, transmitted between system on a network. SSH is typically implemented between two parties by validating each other's credential via digital certificates. SSH is useful in securing Telnet and FTP services, and is implemented at the application layer, as opposed to operating at network layer (IPSec Implementation)IPSec -The IP network layer packet security protocol establishes VPNsvia transport and tunnel mode encryption methods. For the transport method, the data portion of each packet referred to as the encapsulation security payload(ESP) is encrypted, achieving confidentiality over a process. In the tunnel mode, the ESP payload and its header's are encrypted. To achieve non-repudiation, an additional authentication header (AH) is applied. In establishing IPSec sessions in either mode, Security Association (SAs) are established. SAs defines which security parameters should be applied between communication parties as encryption algorithms, key initialization vector, life span of keys, etc. Within either ESP or AH header, respectively. An SAsis established when a 32-bit security parameter index (SPI) field is defined within the sending host. The SPI is unique identifier that enables the sending host to reference the security parameter to apply, as specified, on the receiving host. IPSec can be made more secure by using asymmetric encryption through the use of Internet Security Association and KeyManagement Protocol/Oakley (ISAKMP/Oakley), which allows the key management, use of public keys, negotiation, establishment, modification and deletion ofSAs and attributes. For authentication, the sender uses digital certificates. The connection is made secure by supporting the generation, authentication, distribution of the SAs and those of the cryptographic keys.The following were incorrect answers:The other options presented are invalid as IPSec works at network layer where as SSH works at application layer of an OSI Model.The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:CISA review manual 2014 Page number 352 and 353

3. Right Answer: C
Explanation: Secure Electronic Transaction(SET) is a protocol developed jointly by VISA and Master Card to secure payment transaction among all parties involved in credit card transactions among all parties involved in credit card transactions on behalf of cardholders and merchants. As an open system specification, SET is an application-oriented protocol that uses trusted third party's encryption and digital-signature process, via PKI infrastructure of trusted third party institutions, to address confidentiality of information, integrity of data, cardholders authentication, merchant authentication and interoperability.The following were incorrect answers:S/MIME - Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (S/MIME) is a standard secure email protocol that authenticates the identity of the sender and receiver, verifies message integrity, and ensures the privacy of message's content's, including attachments.SSH ''A client server program that opens a secure, encrypted command-line shell session from the Internet for remote logon. Similar to a VPN, SSH uses strong cryptography to protect data, including password, binary files and administrative commands, transmitted between system on a network. SSH is typically implemented between two parties by validating each other's credential via digital certificates. SSH is useful in securing Telnet and FTP services, and is implemented at the application layer, as opposed to operating at network layer (IPSec Implementation)Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S/HTTP) -As an application layer protocol, S/HTTP transmits individual messages or pages securely between a web client and server by establishing SSL-type connection. Using the https:// designation in the URL, instead of the standard http://, directs the message to a secure port number rather than the default web port address. This protocol utilizes SSL secure features but does so as a message rather than the session-oriented protocol.The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:CISA review manual 2014 Page number 352 and 353

4. Right Answer: B
Explanation: Active monitors interpret DoS and read-only memory (ROM) BIOS calls, looking for malware like actions. Active monitors can be problematic because they can not distinguish between a user request and a program or a malware request. As a result, users are asked to confirm actions, including formatting a disk or deleting a file or set of files.For CISA exam you should know below mentioned different kinds of malware ControlsA. Scanners Look for sequences of bit called signature that are typical malware programs.The two primary types of scanner are1. Malware mask or Signatures '' Anti-malware scanners check files, sectors and system memory for known and new (unknown to scanner) malware, on the basis of malware masks or signatures. Malware masks or signature are specific code strings that are recognized as belonging to malware. For polymorphic malware, the scanner sometimes has algorithms that check for all possible combinations of a signature that could exist in an infected file.2. Heuristic Scanner '' Analyzes the instructions in the code being scanned and decide on the basis of statistical probabilities whether it could contain malicious code. Heuristic scanning result could indicate that malware may be present, that is possibly infected. Heuristic scanner tend to generate a high level false positive errors (they indicate that malware may be present when, in fact, no malware is present). Scanners examines memory disk- boot sector, executables, data files, and command files for bit pattern that match a known malware. Scanners, therefore, need to be updated periodically to remain effective.B. Immunizers '' Defend against malware by appending sections of themselves to files '' sometime in the same way Malware append themselves. Immunizers continuously check a file for changes and report changes as possible malware behavior. Other types of Immunizers are focused to a specific malware and work by giving the malware the impression that the malware has already infected to the computer. This method is not always practical since it is not possible to immunize file against all known malware.C. Behavior Blocker- Focus on detecting potential abnormal behavior such as writing to the boot sector or the master boot record, or making changes to executable files. Blockers can potentially detect malware at an early stage. Most hardware based anti-malware mechanism are based on this concept.D. Integrity CRC checker- Compute a binary number on a known malware free program that is then stored in a database file. The number is called CyclicRedundancy Check (CRC). On subsequent scans, when that program is called to execute, it checks for changes to the file as compare to the database and report possible infection if changes have occurred. A match means no infection; a mismatch means change in the program has occurred. A change in the program could mean malware within it. These scanners are effective in detecting infection; however, they can do so only after infection has occurred. Also, a CRC checker can only detect subsequent changes to files, because they assume files are malware free in the first place. Therefore, they are ineffective against new files that are malware infected and that are not recorded in the database. Integrity checker take advantage of the fact that executable programs and boot sectors do not change often, if at all.The following were incorrect answers:Scanners -Look for sequences of bit called signature that are typical malware programs.Immunizers '' Defend against malware by appending sections of themselves to files '' sometime in the same way Malware append themselves. Immunizers continuously check a file for changes and report changes as possible malware behavior.Behavior Blocker- Focus on detecting potential abnormal behavior such as writing to the boot sector or the master boot record, or making changes to executable files. Blockers can potentially detect malware at an early stage. Most hardware based anti-malware mechanism are based on this concept.The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:CISA review manual 2014 Page number 354 and 355

5. Right Answer: A
Explanation: Scanners Look for sequences of bit called signature that are typical malware programs.The two primary types of scanner are1. Malware mask or Signatures '' Anti-malware scanners check files, sectors and system memory for known and new (unknown to scanner) malware, on the basis of malware masks or signatures. Malware masks or signature are specific code strings that are recognized as belonging to malware. For polymorphic malware, the scanner sometimes has algorithms that check for all possible combinations of a signature that could exist in an infected file.2. Heuristic Scanner '' Analyzes the instructions in the code being scanned and decide on the basis of statistical probabilities whether it could contain malicious code. Heuristic scanning result could indicate that malware may be present, that is possibly infected. Heuristic scanner tend to generate a high level false positive errors (they indicate that malware may be present when, in fact, no malware is present)Scanner examines memory disk- boot sector, executables, data files, and command files for bit pattern that match a known malware. Scanners, therefore, need to be updated periodically to remain effective.For CISA exam you should know below mentioned different kinds of malware ControlsA. Active Monitors - Active monitors interpret DOS and read-only memory (ROM) BIOS calls, looking for malware like actions. Active monitors can be problematic because they can not distinguish between a user request and a program or a malware request. As a result, users are asked to confirm actions, including formatting a disk or deleting a file or set of files.B. Immunizers '' Defend against malware by appending sections of themselves to files '' sometime in the same way Malware append themselves. Immunizers continuously check a file for changes and report changes as possible malware behavior. Other types of Immunizers are focused to a specific malware and work by giving the malware the impression that the malware has already infected to the computer. This method is not always practical since it is not possible to immunize file against all known malware.C. Behavior Blocker - Focus on detecting potential abnormal behavior such as writing to the boot sector or the master boot record, or making changes to executable files. Blockers can potentially detect malware at an early stage. Most hardware based anti-malware mechanism are based on this concept.D. Integrity CRC checker- Compute a binary number on a known malware free program that is then stored in a database file. The number is called CyclicRedundancy Check (CRC). On subsequent scans, when that program is called to execute, it checks for changes to the file as compare to the database and report possible infection if changes have occurred. A match means no infection; a mismatch means change in the program has occurred. A change in the program could mean malware within it. These scanners are effective in detecting infection; however, they can do so only after infection has occurred. Also, a CRC checker can only detect subsequent changes to files, because they assume files are malware free in the first place. Therefore, they are ineffective against new files that are malware infected and that are not recorded in the database. Integrity checker take advantage of the fact that executable programs and boot sectors do not change often, if at all.The following were incorrect answers:The other options presented are not a valid primary types of scanner.The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:CISA review manual 2014 Page number 354 and 355